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Many Finns use profanity in everyday speech when compared to other nationalities. While not all Finns swear, frequent swearing is a mark of youth culture, sometimes the elderly, and usually not the middle-aged. However, it is commonly considered impolite to swear excessively in public and at official occasions, and particularly in front of children in all regions of the world. Use of swearwords may also imply familiarity as opposed to official distance. Swearwords are used as intensifiers, adjectives, adverbs, particles and to start or finish sentences. There is also an aggressive mood that involves omission of the negative verb ' while implying its meaning with a swear word.〔Eero Voutilainen. ''.'' Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus, 2008. http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=2665〕 The words often have old origins and some have Pagan roots that after Christian influence were turned from names of deities and spirits to profanity and used as such. Etymologies are a mixture of religious words and ancient Finnish words involving excretions or sexual organs or functions.〔 Nowadays few Finns know of the origins and intended original use of the words. A book called ' ("The great dictionary of profanities") has been compiled.〔Jari Tammi, '. WSOY, 1993.〕 The people in the neighbouring countries to Finland often consider Finnish swear words harsher than their own, and even use heavily mis-pronounced versions of them, most notably perkele. Native Finns tend to consider the harshness exaggerated, while others use it to their advantage. Finns swear more than their Nordic neighbors or Central Europeans, reaching the same level as Scots or Russians.〔Sirén, Juhani; Rautiainen, Ari-Pekka. ''.'' http://www.city.fi/ilmiot/perkele/832〕 Euphemistically, virtually any word can be used in place of profanity by for example preceding it with ' like (an interjection meaning "oh!", for example ' "oh shit!") or adding ''vieköön'' (third person singular imperative of the verb ' "to take", for example ' "may the goblin take it").〔 These were more prominent in older Finnish, e.g. ' is closest to "corpse" or like ' "the beast". There are also other similar non-offensive constructs like ' ("tallow candles of heaven"). There is also an inventory of non-offensive curse words.〔 == List of Finnish profanities == ; helvetti : Helvetti translates to ''hell'' and has roughly the same meaning in the English language. It has its roots in the Swedish word ''helvete'', with the same meaning (underworld punishment).〔Häkkinen, Kaisa. ''Suomen kielen etymologinen sanakirja.'' WSOY, 2009.〕 An often used phrase is "What the hell?", in Finnish "Mitä helvettiä?". For an augmentative expression, both in a positive or negative sense, ''helvetin'' can be prefixed into an adjective, e.g. ''helvetin hyvä'' "hellishly good". A pejorative meaning can be achieved by using the same ''helvetin'' ("of hell") in front of a noun, e.g. ''helvetin bussi oli myöhässä'' "the damned bus was late". Some words used to replace it, depending on dialect, include ''helkutti'', ''helvata'', ''hemmetti'', ''hemskutti'', ''himputti'', ''helkkari'' and ''himskatti''. Derivative terms: ''helvetillinen'' ("infernal"). ; hitto, hiisi : Hitto is a relatively mild swear word, but still considered an expletive. A hiisi is a scary mythical creature such as a giant, troll or devil, or its dwelling such as a sacred grove, burial site and on the other hand, hell. The word has a Germanic etymology, either from *''sidon'' "side or direction" (in English, "side"), or *''xitha'' "cave, hollow, crag" (Swedish: ''ide'', "bear's nest").〔 Its diminutive form is "hittolainen", and the ancient pagan deity Hittavainen is related. The word is in the same category as other "mild" swear words like "helkkari" or "himskatti". ''Painu hiiteen'' means "go to hell", while ''hiisi vieköön'' is "may the devil take it!". ''Hitto'' is usually translated ''Damn (it)''. One of the funniest forms of using hitto word could be ''hitto soikoon'', "may the hitto chime", and may be similar to the English phrase "Hell's bells". ; huora : The word means whore, and like the English word which has the same etymology,〔 may be considered too profane for civil conversation, to be replaced by ''prostituoitu'' "prostitute" in the literal meaning. Although it can be used to call someone names, it is not used as a swearword on its own (cf. Spanish or Polish). ; jumalauta : This is a combination of two words: ''jumala'', meaning ''god'', and ''auta'', meaning ''help'' (verb, imperative 2nd person). It is used in a similar fashion to ''Oh my God/God help (me)!'' In Finnish it has the same slightly frustrated emphasis. Another translation for ''Oh, God'' is ''Voi luoja'' (''luoja'' = the creator, a synonym for God). An ad campaign for Church aid for third world countries used JumalAuta as an eyecatcher. This raised discussion for being too profane. The English expression ''God help me'' is an accurate (and literal) translation of ''jumalauta''. However, since this lacks the undertones of profanity, a translation to ''goddamn it'' may be considered more correct. Often used replacement words are ''jumankauta'', ''jumaliste'' or ''jumalavita''. ; kulli : A word for "penis", usually literally, considered somewhat profane. ; kusi : Kusi, pronounced ''/kusi/'', means "urine" with a similar connotation as "piss". By itself it refers to actual urine and is considered only mildly offensive in colloquial language. The etymology is traced up to Proto-Uralic, the earliest known protolanguage of Finnish,〔 thus having cognates in other Uralic languages, such as ''húgy'' in Hungarian language. It is used by people in compound words, such as "kusipää" (pisshead, common translation of "asshole"), as very offensive insults. Inoffensive synonyms are the clinical term ''virtsa'' ("urine") and the childish ''pissa'' ("pee"). The word ''pissa'' has drifted so far into everyday usage that in combined form ''pissapoika'' (pissing boy) it refers specifically to the squirter on the windshield of cars. Foreign visitors have been amused by the product "Superpiss" for windshield wiper fluid. Derivative terms: ''kusettaa (jotakuta)'' "to defraud, to cheat (someone)", ''kusettaa'' (in passive mood) "feel an urge to urinate" (these differ by case government; the former is always accompanied by a subject in the partitive case), ''kusinen'' "shitty" or "stained with piss" (e.g. ''kusinen paikka'' "up shit creek"), ''juosten kustu'' literally "pissed while running", meaning half-assed, hastily done, shoddy, incompetent work. ; kyrpä : Literally "cock" in the sense of "penis"; often considered highly offensive. The word nearly always refers to an actual penis and may be used, for example, to express frustration: ''Voi kyrpä!'' "Oh fuck!". The widespread verb ''vituttaa'' "to feel angry and depressed" originates from its meaning "to want vagina". Therefore, classically, women should not use ''vituttaa'', but ''kyrpiä'', e.g. ''kyrpii'' "this makes me feel bad". One form of using the word is "kyrpä otsassa" which means that someone is really pissed off. The literal meaning is "to have a dick on the forehead". ; mulkku : Has the literal meaning "penis", but may refer, like English "prick", to an unpleasant man, both as a noun and as an adjective. When referring to a man, it is nowadays sometimes combined with Swedish surname ending -''qvist'', to form ''mulqvist'', which is considered less harsh than ''mulkku''. ; molo : Usually used only literally for "penis", somewhat profane. Has a derivation ''molopää'', corresponding to English "dickhead". ; muna : Literally means "egg" and may refer to a literal penis, but is not considered an insult or particularly profane. For example, there is a gay cruise named ''Munaristeily'', which is publicly marketed as such. It also means "testicle", usually said in plural form ''munat'' "testicles". ''Olla munaa'' can mean either being courageous or just obscene, to "have balls". ; paska : ''Paska'' translates as "shit" or "crap" and has approximately the same context in English and Finnish, although it may be more profane. It has the same connonations of "shoddy" or "broken", which may even surpass the word's use in the original sense in frequency. Inoffensive synonyms are ''kakka'' ("poo"), especially with children, and the clinical ''uloste'' ("excrement"). ''Uloste'' appears to have been introduced as a high-class replacement in the 1800s, while ''paska'' is believed to have been in continuous use since at least the Proto-Finnic of 3000 BC. Doubt and disbelief are expressed with ''hevonpaska'' ("horse's shit", compare "bullshit") and ''paskan marjat'' ("shit's berries"). It can be combined with ''vittu'' as in "''Vittu tätä paskaa''" ("fuck this shit"). A Finnish rock musician goes by the name, and Paskahousu ("shitpants") is a card game, a relative of Shithead that's popular with children and teenagers. Derivative terms: ''paskiainen'' "bastard" (or "son of a bitch"), ''paskamainen'' "unfair, depressing, unpleasant, shitty", ''paskainen'' "(literally) shitty", ''paskapää'' "(literally) shithead". ; perkele : ''Perkele'' was originally imported from Baltic languages, supposedly transformed from the Baltic god of thunder (compare: (リトアニア語:Perkūnas), (ラトビア語:Pērkons), Prussian: ''Perkūns'', Yotvingian: ''Parkuns''), as an alternate name for the thunder god of Finnish paganism, Ukko, and co-opted by the Christian church. In an early translation of The Bible to Finnish, the word was stated to be a word for the devil, thus making it a sin to be uttered. However, later, in 1992 translation, the word is switched to paholainen. Perkele or Ukko was known as the rain and thundergod, similar to Thor of Norse mythology.〔http://www.pakanaverkko.fi/vox/ukko_perkele.shtml〕 The "r" can be rolled and lengthened, which can be transcribed by repeating it. The word is very common in the country and likely the best known expletive abroad, and enjoys a kind of emblematic status; for instance, the Finnish black metal band Impaled Nazarene named its 1994 patriotic album ''Suomi Finland Perkele'' (using the word as a reference to Finnishness, not to the devil) and the more conventional M. A. Numminen released a 1971 album known as ''Perkele! Lauluja Suomesta'' ("Perkele! Songs from Finland"). When used to express discontent or frustration, ''perkele'' often suggests that the speaker is determined to solve the problem, even if it will be difficult. It is associated with sisu, which in turn is an iconic Finnish trait. Professor Kulonen has described ''perkele'' as being ingrained in the older generations, as opposed to ''kyrpä'' and ''vittu'' for the younger ones. A common and milder replacement word is ''perhana'', and less popular variations include ''perkules'', ''perskuta'', ''perskuta rallaa'' and ''perkeleissön''. The word has lent itself to a Swedish expression for Finnish business management practices, Management by perkele. Derivative terms: ''perkeleellinen'' "infernal". ; perse : ''Perse'' ("ass") can be used either literally or as a semi-strong swear word. It is often found in expressions like "Tämä on perseestä" ("This (situation) is from the ass!" or "This sucks!") The similarities with the Latin phrase "per se", the Hungarian "persze" (which means "of course", comes from the aforementioned Latin and is pronounced mostly the same way), the hero Perseus and the ancient city of Persepolis are purely coincidental, although the wide use of "persze" in spoken Hungarian could sound somewhat embarrassing to Finnish visitors. Derivative terms: ''perseet (olalla)'', literally "to have one's arse up on one's shoulders", that is, "drunk". ; pillu : ''Pillu'' translates to "cunt" and although it is not used as a swear it is profane and unsuitable in all but the most familiar and informal conversation. Non-profane synonyms for the literal meaning include ''römpsä'', ''tavara'' (lit. "stuff"), ''toosa'' (actually an oldish dialectical name with Swedish origin for a little box, container, "dosa"; it can also refer to electronics or machinery), ''pimppi'', ''pimpsa'', ''tuhero'', ''tussu''. ''Tuhannen pillun päreiksi'', means something material or immaterial broken into pieces. It depicts the typical finnish tendency of alliteration. ; piru : Piru, meaning ''devil'', is not always considered a swearword but sometimes used in a similar fashion to the word ''damn'': "Piru vieköön" (lit. "let (the) Devil take (it)"). A more proper word for ''devil'' is ''paholainen''. The derivative word ''pirullinen'' ("devilish", "diabolical") is used as in English; ''piruuttaan'' is roughly equivalent to "just for kicks", but the literal meaning "out of one's devilishness" is a more accurate translation- ; reva : Reva is another reference to the female genitalia, akin to vittu. It is also used to refer to backside ("perse" or ''ass''). However, it is not an actual swearword but carries a notion of vulgarity. The former chairman of Finnish Parliament, Mrs. Riitta Uosukainen used the word in her controversial autobiography ''Liehuva liekinvarsi'', where she described herself in the sexual encounters between her and Mr. Topi Uosukainen as ''rintaa, reittä ja revää'' ("(was nothing but )... breasts, thighs and quim.") Reva is also used occasionally in reference to buttocks and can therefore also be translated as "arse". A loose translation for ''Täyden kympin reva'' is "Top class arse". ; runkata : ''Runkata'' (verb) is an informal and profane word that means "to masturbate". "Runkata", and the agent ''runkkari'' or ''runkku'' ("wanker", "jerk-off") are highly offensive words and rarely used outside of direct insults, most often combined with other swearwords. When used by itself, its meaning is normally more literal. ; ryökäle : Scoundrel. A curse word specific to the older generation, now considered non-offensive. ; Saatana : Saatana means quite literally ''Satan'', but used in a similar fashion to ''helvetti''. Often used less crude replacement words for it are ''saamari'', ''samperi'' and ''saakeli''. Along with "perkele", "vittu" and "jumalauta", this is one of the most classic and most used words in Finnish. Often used together with ''helvetti'' as ''saatanan helvetti''. The derivative term ''saatanallinen'' ("satanic") is used in context as in English. ; skeida : ''Skeida'' is Helsinki slang for "shit". Because of its newer origin, it is considered less profane than ''paska'', although still not exactly a nice word to say. ''Skeida'' can be used as a profane insult (''tää on täyttä skeidaa'' "this is full of shit") but unlike ''paska'', it is not used as an exclamation or a curse by itself. Although the word is fairly well known in Helsinki, people from outside the capital area might not understand it. ''Skeida'' is also used to mean garbage or trash. ; vittu : ''Vittu'' is an ancient word for the female genitalia but now has the literal meaning of "cunt". Linguistically, it is used similar to how 'fuck' is used in English to add force to a statement or express frustration. Often considered extremely profane, its usage is nowadays not only limited to teenager slang, but is often used as an emphasis in a forceful or frustrated utterance or expression, as in ''mitä vittua?'' "what the fuck?". Other common phrases with ''vittu'' include ''voi vittu'' ("Oh fuck"), ''(ja) vitut!'' ("The fuck you say!" / "Bullshit!", lit. "(and) cunts"); ''haista vittu'' ("fuck you!", lit. "(go) smell (a) cunt"; ''painu (hevon) vittuun'' ("fuck off", lit. "go crawl up a (horse's) cunt"); ''olla naama norsun vitulla'', (lit. "to have one's face like the elephant's cunt", meaning to be sour and unfriendly). : Entire sentences can be constructed using these combinations "Vittu, vituttaa niin vitusti" (Fuck this, I'm so fucking pissed off) etc. Occasionally, one hears more colorful constructions, such as ''Vittujen kevät ja kyrpien takatalvi!'' (paraphrased, "Holy fucking shit!" or literally "The spring of cunts and the late winter of dicks!"). Notably, ''vittu'' is also used as an energetic mood, as in "vitun iso" ("fucking big") or "Mä meen vittu sinne" ("I'm (really) fucking going there") or to declare a negative outcome, as in ''meni vituiksi'' ("(smth.) was fucked up"). Similar-sounding euphemistic replacements include ''hitto'' (see above), ''vitsi'' or ''hitsi''. Also ''kettu'' ("fox"), ''vattu'' ("raspberry") and ''pottu'' (potato) are often used as replacement words due to their rhyming with ''vittu''. Several verbs and adjectives have also been derived from ''vittu'': ''vituttaa'' technically means "to want/need some cunt", though the meaning of it is actually something like "to feel angry and depressed", ''vittuuntua'' "to get angry", ''vittumainen'' an adjective for "annoying". In more polite conversation these derivations can be done from the euphemism ''kettu'': ''ketuttaa'', ''kettumainen'' etc. The other euphemisms mentioned above cannot be used to form such derivations. ''Vittu'' is commonly combined with other profanities, as in ''vittusaatana'' and ''vittuperkele''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Finnish profanity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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